1) Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used to target bacteria as an alternative to antibiotics. It is difficult for bacterial cells to become resistant to NPs.
2) Examples include the utilization of NPs in antibacterial coatings for implantable devices and medicinal materials to prevent infection and promote wound healing, in antibiotic delivery systems to treat disease, in bacterial detection systems to generate microbial diagnostics, and in antibacterial vaccines to control bacterial infections.
3) The antimicrobial mechanisms include oxidative stress induction, metal ion release, and non-oxidative
mechanisms.